LCD Reference Article Billing and Coding Article

Billing and Coding: Influenza Diagnostic Tests

A58817

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Draft Article
Draft Articles are works in progress and not necessarily a reflection of the current billing and coding practices. Revisions to codes are carefully and thoroughly reviewed and are not intended to change the original intent of the LCD.
NOT AN LCD REFERENCE ARTICLE
This article is not in direct support of an LCD.

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Contractor Information

Article Information

General Information

Source Article ID
N/A
Article ID
A58817
Original ICD-9 Article ID
Not Applicable
Article Title
Billing and Coding: Influenza Diagnostic Tests
Article Type
Billing and Coding
Original Effective Date
07/01/2021
Revision Effective Date
11/16/2023
Revision Ending Date
N/A
Retirement Date
N/A
AMA CPT / ADA CDT / AHA NUBC Copyright Statement

CPT codes, descriptions and other data only are copyright 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/HHSARS apply.

Fee schedules, relative value units, conversion factors and/or related components are not assigned by the AMA, are not part of CPT, and the AMA is not recommending their use. The AMA does not directly or indirectly practice medicine or dispense medical services. The AMA assumes no liability for data contained or not contained herein.

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CMS National Coverage Policy

Title XVIII of the Social Security Act (SSA) §1833(e) prohibits Medicare payment for any claim lacking the necessary documentation to process the claim

Article Guidance

Article Text

To avoid the overuse of antibiotics and the potential risk of antibiotic resistance, point of care providers should consider testing patients prior to prescribing treatment for a bacterial or influenza infection. Influenza testing (using molecular methods) is recommended for hospitalized patients with suspected influenza. However, testing is not needed for all outpatients with signs and symptoms consistent with influenza before making antiviral treatment decisions, particularly once influenza activity has been documented in the community. The following summary provides a list of the main available types of diagnostics tests:

Rapid Antigen Tests:

  • Available at the point of care
  • Yields a Flu A and Flu B result in < 30 minutes
  • Less sensitive (50%-70%) and specific (90%-95%) compared to other methods and may require confirmation by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture. Note: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that all Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) achieve 80% or higher sensitivity compared with RT-PCR.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations:
    • Use rapid diagnostic tests with high sensitivity and specificity.
    • Collect respiratory tract specimens as early in the illness as possible (within 3-4 days of illness onset).
    • Follow manufacturer’s instructions, including handling of respiratory specimens, as described in the device package insert.
    • Consider sending respiratory specimens (from symptomatic patients) for RT-PCR to confirm results of RIDTs, especially in the following situations:
      • When community influenza activity is low and the rapid diagnostic test result is positive.
      • When community influenza activity is high and the rapid diagnostic test result is negative.

Contact your local or state health department for information about influenza activity.

      • A patient has had recent close exposure (this does NOT include eating cooked meat) to pigs or birds (including poultry) or other animals, and there is concern for infection with a novel influenza A virus.

Targeted Molecular Methods:

  • Uses RT-PCR or other amplification methods to detect viral nucleic acids
  • Results available in < 24 hours (often in less than 2-4 hours)
  • Detects from 1-2 to up to 20 respiratory pathogens from 1 specimen
  • A positive result (on testing of an upper respiratory tract specimen) in a person who recently received intranasal administration of live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) may indicate detection of vaccine virus.

Viral Culture:

  • Confirms present active infection
  • Results available in 3-10 days
  • Misses opportunity for Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) treatment for positive patients

Immunofluorescence (IF) - Direct (DFA) or Indirect (IFA) Fluorescent Antibody Staining (antigen detection):

  • Moderate sensitivity and high specificity
  • Results available in approximately 2-4 hours

If a rapid antigen test is performed and then confirmed using PCR, the second test may require the -59 modifier.

If a CLIA-waived test is performed, the -QW modifier should be reported for the waived test.

Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for Clinicians on Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza. Accessed 4/27/21.

Response To Comments

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Coding Information

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CPT/HCPCS Codes

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Group 1 Codes
Code Description
87252 VIRUS ISOLATION; TISSUE CULTURE INOCULATION, OBSERVATION, AND PRESUMPTIVE IDENTIFICATION BY CYTOPATHIC EFFECT
87253 VIRUS ISOLATION; TISSUE CULTURE, ADDITIONAL STUDIES OR DEFINITIVE IDENTIFICATION (EG, HEMABSORPTION, NEUTRALIZATION, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAIN), EACH ISOLATE
87254 VIRUS ISOLATION; CENTRIFUGE ENHANCED (SHELL VIAL) TECHNIQUE, INCLUDES IDENTIFICATION WITH IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAIN, EACH VIRUS
87275 INFECTIOUS AGENT ANTIGEN DETECTION BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENT TECHNIQUE; INFLUENZA B VIRUS
87276 INFECTIOUS AGENT ANTIGEN DETECTION BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENT TECHNIQUE; INFLUENZA A VIRUS
87400 INFECTIOUS AGENT ANTIGEN DETECTION BY IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE (EG, ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY [EIA], ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY [ELISA], FLUORESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY [FIA], IMMUNOCHEMILUMINOMETRIC ASSAY [IMCA]), QUALITATIVE OR SEMIQUANTITATIVE; INFLUENZA, A OR B, EACH
87501 INFECTIOUS AGENT DETECTION BY NUCLEIC ACID (DNA OR RNA); INFLUENZA VIRUS, INCLUDES REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION, WHEN PERFORMED, AND AMPLIFIED PROBE TECHNIQUE, EACH TYPE OR SUBTYPE
87502 INFECTIOUS AGENT DETECTION BY NUCLEIC ACID (DNA OR RNA); INFLUENZA VIRUS, FOR MULTIPLE TYPES OR SUB-TYPES, INCLUDES MULTIPLEX REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION, WHEN PERFORMED, AND MULTIPLEX AMPLIFIED PROBE TECHNIQUE, FIRST 2 TYPES OR SUB-TYPES
87503 INFECTIOUS AGENT DETECTION BY NUCLEIC ACID (DNA OR RNA); INFLUENZA VIRUS, FOR MULTIPLE TYPES OR SUB-TYPES, INCLUDES MULTIPLEX REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION, WHEN PERFORMED, AND MULTIPLEX AMPLIFIED PROBE TECHNIQUE, EACH ADDITIONAL INFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE OR SUB-TYPE BEYOND 2 (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
87804 INFECTIOUS AGENT ANTIGEN DETECTION BY IMMUNOASSAY WITH DIRECT OPTICAL (IE, VISUAL) OBSERVATION; INFLUENZA
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CPT/HCPCS Modifiers

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(2 Codes)
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Group 1 Codes
Code Description
59 DISTINCT PROCEDURAL SERVICE: UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE PHYSICIAN MAY NEED TO INDICATE THAT A PROCEDURE OR SERVICE WAS DISTINCT OR INDEPENDENT FROM OTHER SERVICES PERFORMED ON THE SAME DAY. MODIFIER -59 IS USED TO IDENTIFY PROCEDURES/SERVICES THAT ARE NOT NORMALLY REPORTED TOGETHER, BUT ARE APPROPRIATE UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES. THIS MAY REPRESENT A DIFFERENT SESSION OR PATIENT ENCOUNTER, DIFFERENT PROCEDURE OR SURGERY, DIFFERNET SITE OR ORGAN SYSTEM, SEPARATE INCISION/EXCISION, SEPARATE LESION, OR SEPARATE INJURY (OR AREA OF INJURY IN EXTENSIVE INJURIES) NOT ORDINARILY ENCOUNTERED OR PERFORMED ON THE SAME DAY BY THE SAME PHYSICIAN. HOWEVER, WHAN ANOTHER ALREADY ESTABLISHED MODIFIER IS APPROPRIATE IT SHOULD BE USED RATHER THAN MODIFIER -59. ONLY IF NO MORE DESCRIPTIVE MODIFIER IS AVAILABLE, AND THE USE OF MODIFIER -59 BEST EXPLAINS THE CIRCUMSTANCES, SHOULD MODIFIER -59 BE USED. MODIFIER CODE 09959 MAY BE USED AS AN ALTERNATE TO MODIFIER -59.
QW CLIA WAIVED TEST
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ICD-10-CM Codes that Support Medical Necessity

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ICD-10-CM Codes that DO NOT Support Medical Necessity

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ICD-10-PCS Codes

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Additional ICD-10 Information

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Bill Type Codes

Contractors may specify Bill Types to help providers identify those Bill Types typically used to report this service. Absence of a Bill Type does not guarantee that the article does not apply to that Bill Type. Complete absence of all Bill Types indicates that coverage is not influenced by Bill Type and the article should be assumed to apply equally to all claims.

Code Description
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Revenue Codes

Contractors may specify Revenue Codes to help providers identify those Revenue Codes typically used to report this service. In most instances Revenue Codes are purely advisory. Unless specified in the article, services reported under other Revenue Codes are equally subject to this coverage determination. Complete absence of all Revenue Codes indicates that coverage is not influenced by Revenue Code and the article should be assumed to apply equally to all Revenue Codes.

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Other Coding Information

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Coding Table Information

Excluded CPT/HCPCS Codes - Table Format
Code Descriptor Generic Name Descriptor Brand Name Exclusion Effective Date Exclusion End Date Reason for Exclusion
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Non-Excluded CPT/HCPCS Ended Codes - Table Format
Code Descriptor Generic Name Descriptor Brand Name Exclusion Effective Date Exclusion End Date Reason for Exclusion
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Revision History Information

Revision History Date Revision History Number Revision History Explanation
11/16/2023 R2

Revision Effective: 11/16/2023

Revision Explanation: Updated LCD Reference Article section.

01/01/2022 R1

Revision Effective Date: 01/01/2022

Revision Explanation: Under CPT/HCPCS Codes Group 1: Codes the description was revised for 87400. This revision is due to the 2022 Annual CPT®/HCPCS Code Update and is effective on 1/1/2022.

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Associated Documents

Medicare BPM Ch 15.50.2 SAD Determinations
Medicare BPM Ch 15.50.2
Related Local Coverage Documents
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Related National Coverage Documents
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SAD Process URL 1
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SAD Process URL 2
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Statutory Requirements URLs
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Rules and Regulations URLs
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CMS Manual Explanations URLs
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Public Versions
Updated On Effective Dates Status
11/07/2023 11/16/2023 - N/A Currently in Effect You are here
01/24/2022 01/01/2022 - 11/15/2023 Superseded View
Some older versions have been archived. Please visit the MCD Archive Site to retrieve them.

Keywords

  • Influenza